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adrenal glands are small glands that sit on top of the kidneys and produce certain hormones
assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
a variety of procedures used to bring about conception without sexual intercourse, including in vitro fertilization (IVF) and other techniques
bacteriostatic
capable of inhibiting bacterial growth
benign
describes any tumour or growth that is not malignant or cancerous
conception
fertilization; when the sperm meets and penetrates the egg
congenital
present from birth
congenital anomalies
a defect that is present at birth
controlled ovarian hyperstimulation
stimulation of the ovaries with various hormonal medications in order to develop as many follicles as possible, as well as to control the timing of ovulation
corpus luteum
a yellow mass of cells that forms in the ovary from a mature follicle that has already released the egg; it releases a hormone called progesterone
ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy where the embryo is implanted outside the womb
embryo
a fertilized egg that has begun cell division
embryo transfer
placing an egg fertilized outside the womb into a woman's uterus or fallopian tube
estrogen
a hormone that is produced by maturing follicles in the ovary and has several functions, including signaling the release of another hormone called luteinizing hormone and stimulating the female reproductive organs to prepare for possible fertilization of an egg
fallopian tubes
ducts through which eggs travel to the uterus once released from the follicle in the ovary and the site at which fertilization usually occurs
fetus
a developing baby
flatulence
excess gas in the intestinal tract
follicles
small fluid-filled sacs in the ovary that contain the eggs released at ovulation; each month an egg develops inside the ovary in a follicle
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in the brain that stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovaries of women and sperm development in men
follicular
relating to a follicle, which is a small fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains an egg
gauge
outer diameter of a needle, indicating needle size
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
a hormone released from the hypothalamus in the brain that signals the pituitary gland (also in the brain) to release other hormones called luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone (which cause follicles to develop and release a mature egg from the ovary)
gonadotropins or gonadotrophins
reproductive hormones including luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone (released by the pituitary gland) and human chorionic gonadotropin (released by the placenta)
hormone
a chemical substance produced in one part of the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs in another part of the body
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
a hormone produced in early pregnancy (released by the placenta after implantation of a fertilized egg) that keeps the corpus luteum producing other hormones that prevent menstruation
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
in women, a rare condition in which the pituitary glands do not release follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone
hypothalamus
the gland at the base of the brain that controls the release of hormones from the pituitary glands
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
a procedure by which eggs produced by administering fertility drugs are retrieved from a woman's body and fertilized by sperm in a laboratory, and the resulting embryos are transferred by catheter to the uterus
intermenstrual bleeding
bleeding between periods
intramuscular injection
injection into a muscle
intrauterine insemination (IUI)
a procedure in which a doctor places sperm directly into the uterus through the cervix using a catheter
intravaginally
within the vagina
luteal phase
second half of the menstrual cycle after ovulation
luteinizing hormone (LH)
a hormone release by the pituitary gland in the brain that acts in the ovary to stimulate ripening of the follicle and formation of the corpus luteum
luteinizing hormone surge (LH surge)
the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) that causes release of a mature egg from the follicle
malignant
cancerous
menstrual cycle (period)
the monthly cycle of changes in the ovaries and the lining of the uterus, starting with the preparation of an egg for fertilization
menstruation
shedding of the uterine lining by bleeding, which (in the absence of pregnancy) normally occurs about once a month in the mature female
miscarriage
spontaneous loss of a viable embryo or fetus in the womb
neoplasia
the presence or formation of new abnormal growth of tissue
ovarian
relating to an ovary or the ovaries
ovarian cysts
sacs containing fluid or semisolid material that develop in or on the surface of an ovary
ovarian dysfunction
a problem with ovary function
ovarian failure
the failure of the ovary to respond to FSH stimulation from the pituitary because of damage to or malformation of the ovary, or because of a chronic disease such as autoimmune disease
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)
OHSS is caused when the ovaries become overstimulated by the various hormones that cause follicular development; there is a sudden ovarian enlargement accompanied by fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity and this may occur with or without pain, and with or without accumulation of fluid in the lungs
ovaries
the two sexual glands of the female where the eggs are stored and that produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone
ovulation
release of an egg from the ovary
ovulatory agent
a substance that acts on ovulation
pituitary gland
the gland located at the base of the brain that secretes a number of important hormones that regulate fertility, as well as normal growth and development of the body
placenta
the sac-shaped organ that attaches the embryo or fetus to the uterus during pregnancy; blood flows between mother and fetus through the placenta
polycystic ovarian disease (PCO)
the formation of cysts in the ovaries that occurs when the follicle stops developing; it is due to a hormonal imbalance in the ovary
progesterone
a hormone produced by the corpus luteum during the second half of a woman's menstrual cycle; it thickens the lining of the uterus to prepare it to accept implantation of a fertilized egg
stimulation Day
which numbered day of in vitro fertilization treatment during the stimulation phase when ovaries are stimulated to produce eggs
subcutaneous injection
administration of medication with a fine, small needle just below the surface of the skin, into fatty tissue
synthetic
manmade or manufactured
syringe
a hollow cylinder fitted with a sliding plunger that is used for injections when a needle is attached
thromboembolic event
formation of a blood clot in a vein or artery thromboembolic event
thyroid
a gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development thyroid
ultrasound
a test used instead of X-rays to visualize the reproductive organs; for example, to monitor follicular development
uterine
relating to the uterus (womb)
uterus
the womb
vial
a small glass container for holding liquids
waste-to-energy (WtE)
WtE is a process where waste is burned in a controlled combustion chamber at high temperatures and reduced to 10% of its original volume (hence reducing landfill); the heat generated from the combustion chambers heats up water in steel tubes that form the walls of the combustion chambers and the water is turned to steam and sent through a turbine that continuously generates electricity